SOURCES
SENSORY ORGANS
Nachtigall, Paul E., et al. “Polar Bear Ursus Maritimus Hearing Measured with Auditory Evoked Potentials.” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 210, no. 7, 2007, pp. 1116–22. Crossref, doi:10.1242/jeb.02734.
Amstrup, Steven C. “The Polar Bear - Ursus Maritimus.” Wild Mammals of North America, edited by George A. Feldhamer et al., 2nd ed., Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 587–610.
Woodford, Riley. “Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Apr. 2005, www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135#:%7E:text=Polar%20bears%20have%20special%20adaptations,lens%20when%20they%20are%20underwater.
Pujol, Rémy. “Human Auditory Range.” Cochlea, 6 June 2018, www.cochlea.org/en/hear/human-auditory-range.
SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment. “All About Polar Bears - Senses.” SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, seaworld.org/animals/all-about/polar-bear/senses. Accessed 22 May 2021.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Folk, G. Edgar, et al. “Physiological Condition of Three Species of Bears in Winter Dens.” Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 2, 1972, pp. 107–22. Crossref, doi:10.2307/3872574.
Øritsland, N. A., et al. “Polar Bears: Heart Activity during Rest and Excercise.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, vol. 57, no. 1, 1977, pp. 139–41. Crossref, doi:10.1016/0300-9629(77)90364-4.
“Intro to the Circulatory System | Biology | Physiology | FuseSchool.” YouTube, uploaded by FuseSchool - Global Education, 1 Oct. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=73ei6YD0VnM.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Smerdu, Vika, et al. “Enzyme- and Immunohistochemical Aspects of Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos).” Journal of Morphology, vol. 270, no. 2, 2009, pp. 154–61. Crossref, doi:10.1002/jmor.10673.
NUTRITION and HUNTING
Gormezano, Linda J., et al. “Polar Bear Foraging Behavior During the Ice-Free Period in Western Hudson Bay: Observations, Origins, and Potential Significance.” American Museum Novitates, no. 3885, 2017, pp. 1–28. Crossref, doi:10.1206/3885.1.
Harding, Bryan. “How Do Polar Bears Get Their Food?” North American Nature, 20 Dec. 2020, northamericannature.com/how-do-polar-bears-get-their-food.
Kautz, Emily Goodheart. “What Do Polar Bears Eat?” Good Nature Travel, Natural Habitat Adventures, 9 July 2019, www.nathab.com/blog/what-do-polar-bears-eat.
Thiemann, Gregory W., et al. “POLAR BEAR DIETS AND ARCTIC MARINE FOOD WEBS: INSIGHTS FROM FATTY ACID ANALYSIS.” Ecological Monographs, vol. 78, no. 4, 2008, pp. 591–613. Crossref, doi:10.1890/07-1050.1.
THERMOREGULATION
Cannon, Barbara, and Jan Nedergaard. “Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance.” Physiological reviews vol. 84, no. 1 (2004): 277-359. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003
Ask Nature Team. “Fur Absorbs Infrared Radiation to Prevent Heat Loss — Biological Strategy.” AskNature, 2 July 2020, asknature.org/strategy/fur-absorbs-infrared-radiation-to-prevent-heat-loss.
ADAPTATIONS
Hailer, F., et al. “Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal That Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage.” Science, vol. 336, no. 6079, 2012, pp. 344–47. Crossref, doi:10.1126/science.1216424.
Khattab, M. Q., and H. Tributsch. “Fibre-Optical Light Scattering Technology in Polar Bear Hair: A Re-Evaluation and New Results.” Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 3, no. 2, 2016, pp. 38–51. Crossref, doi:10.12970/2311-1755.2015.03.02.2.
Amstrup, Steven C. “The Polar Bear - Ursus Maritimus.” Wild Mammals of North America, edited by George A. Feldhamer et al., 2nd ed., Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 587–610.
Polar Bears International. “Polar Bear Characteristics: Fur, Skin, Paws, Claws, and Weight.” Polar Bears International, polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears/characteristics. Accessed 05 May 2021.
Bedolfe, Sarah. “The School: Polar Bear Adaptations for Extreme Cold.” One World One Ocean, 24 Apr. 2012, oneworldoneocean.com/blog/the-school-polar-bear-adaptations-for-extreme-cold.
Bunnell, Fred L., and Tony Hamilton. “Forage Digestibility and Fitness in Grizzly Bears.” Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 5, 1983, p. 179. Crossref, doi:10.2307/3872536.
RESPIRATION
Green, Patrick A., et al. “Respiratory and Olfactory Turbinal Size in Canid and Arctoid Carnivorans.” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 221, no. 6, 2012, pp. 609–21. Crossref, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01570.x.
Polar Bears International. “Adaptations: Breathing in Cold Air - Polar Bears International.” Polar Bears International, polarbearsinternational.org/news/article-polar-bears/polar-bear-questions-breathing-in-cold-air. Accessed 12 May 2021.
REPRODUCTION
Smith, Thomas G., and Jon Aars. “Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) Mating during Late June on the Pack Ice of Northern Svalbard, Norway.” Polar Research, vol. 34, no. 1, 2015. Crossref, doi:10.3402/polar.v34.25786.
Cha, Jeeyeon, et al. “Embryo Implantation.” Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction, 2015, pp. 1697–739. Crossref, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00038-7.
Derocher, Andrew E., et al. “Sexual Dimorphism and the Mating Ecology of Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) at Svalbard.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol. 64, no. 6, 2010, pp. 939–46. Crossref, doi:10.1007/s00265-010-0909-0.
National Wildlife Federation. “Polar Bear.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Polar-Bear.
Polar Bears International. “Life Cycle.” Polar Bears International, polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears/life-cycle. Accessed 1 Apr. 2021.
Seaworld Parks and Entertainment. “All About Polar Bears - Reproduction.” Seaworld.Org, seaworld.org/animals/all-about/polar-bear/reproduction/#:%7E:text=Competition%20for%20females%20is%20intense,be%20accompanied%20by%20several%20males. Accessed 1 May 2021.
Discovery Channel. “A Polar Bear Battle for Love.” YouTube, uploaded by Discovery, 18 July 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzUkiTblKbo&feature=youtu.be.
Nachtigall, Paul E., et al. “Polar Bear Ursus Maritimus Hearing Measured with Auditory Evoked Potentials.” Journal of Experimental Biology, vol. 210, no. 7, 2007, pp. 1116–22. Crossref, doi:10.1242/jeb.02734.
Amstrup, Steven C. “The Polar Bear - Ursus Maritimus.” Wild Mammals of North America, edited by George A. Feldhamer et al., 2nd ed., Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 587–610.
Woodford, Riley. “Eyes of the Bear, Alaska Department of Fish and Game.” Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Apr. 2005, www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=wildlifenews.view_article&articles_id=135#:%7E:text=Polar%20bears%20have%20special%20adaptations,lens%20when%20they%20are%20underwater.
Pujol, Rémy. “Human Auditory Range.” Cochlea, 6 June 2018, www.cochlea.org/en/hear/human-auditory-range.
SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment. “All About Polar Bears - Senses.” SeaWorld Parks and Entertainment, seaworld.org/animals/all-about/polar-bear/senses. Accessed 22 May 2021.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Folk, G. Edgar, et al. “Physiological Condition of Three Species of Bears in Winter Dens.” Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 2, 1972, pp. 107–22. Crossref, doi:10.2307/3872574.
Øritsland, N. A., et al. “Polar Bears: Heart Activity during Rest and Excercise.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, vol. 57, no. 1, 1977, pp. 139–41. Crossref, doi:10.1016/0300-9629(77)90364-4.
“Intro to the Circulatory System | Biology | Physiology | FuseSchool.” YouTube, uploaded by FuseSchool - Global Education, 1 Oct. 2019, www.youtube.com/watch?v=73ei6YD0VnM.
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Smerdu, Vika, et al. “Enzyme- and Immunohistochemical Aspects of Skeletal Muscle Fibers in Brown Bear (Ursus Arctos).” Journal of Morphology, vol. 270, no. 2, 2009, pp. 154–61. Crossref, doi:10.1002/jmor.10673.
NUTRITION and HUNTING
Gormezano, Linda J., et al. “Polar Bear Foraging Behavior During the Ice-Free Period in Western Hudson Bay: Observations, Origins, and Potential Significance.” American Museum Novitates, no. 3885, 2017, pp. 1–28. Crossref, doi:10.1206/3885.1.
Harding, Bryan. “How Do Polar Bears Get Their Food?” North American Nature, 20 Dec. 2020, northamericannature.com/how-do-polar-bears-get-their-food.
Kautz, Emily Goodheart. “What Do Polar Bears Eat?” Good Nature Travel, Natural Habitat Adventures, 9 July 2019, www.nathab.com/blog/what-do-polar-bears-eat.
Thiemann, Gregory W., et al. “POLAR BEAR DIETS AND ARCTIC MARINE FOOD WEBS: INSIGHTS FROM FATTY ACID ANALYSIS.” Ecological Monographs, vol. 78, no. 4, 2008, pp. 591–613. Crossref, doi:10.1890/07-1050.1.
THERMOREGULATION
Cannon, Barbara, and Jan Nedergaard. “Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance.” Physiological reviews vol. 84, no. 1 (2004): 277-359. doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2003
Ask Nature Team. “Fur Absorbs Infrared Radiation to Prevent Heat Loss — Biological Strategy.” AskNature, 2 July 2020, asknature.org/strategy/fur-absorbs-infrared-radiation-to-prevent-heat-loss.
ADAPTATIONS
Hailer, F., et al. “Nuclear Genomic Sequences Reveal That Polar Bears Are an Old and Distinct Bear Lineage.” Science, vol. 336, no. 6079, 2012, pp. 344–47. Crossref, doi:10.1126/science.1216424.
Khattab, M. Q., and H. Tributsch. “Fibre-Optical Light Scattering Technology in Polar Bear Hair: A Re-Evaluation and New Results.” Journal of Advanced Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol. 3, no. 2, 2016, pp. 38–51. Crossref, doi:10.12970/2311-1755.2015.03.02.2.
Amstrup, Steven C. “The Polar Bear - Ursus Maritimus.” Wild Mammals of North America, edited by George A. Feldhamer et al., 2nd ed., Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, pp. 587–610.
Polar Bears International. “Polar Bear Characteristics: Fur, Skin, Paws, Claws, and Weight.” Polar Bears International, polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears/characteristics. Accessed 05 May 2021.
Bedolfe, Sarah. “The School: Polar Bear Adaptations for Extreme Cold.” One World One Ocean, 24 Apr. 2012, oneworldoneocean.com/blog/the-school-polar-bear-adaptations-for-extreme-cold.
Bunnell, Fred L., and Tony Hamilton. “Forage Digestibility and Fitness in Grizzly Bears.” Bears: Their Biology and Management, vol. 5, 1983, p. 179. Crossref, doi:10.2307/3872536.
RESPIRATION
Green, Patrick A., et al. “Respiratory and Olfactory Turbinal Size in Canid and Arctoid Carnivorans.” Journal of Anatomy, vol. 221, no. 6, 2012, pp. 609–21. Crossref, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01570.x.
Polar Bears International. “Adaptations: Breathing in Cold Air - Polar Bears International.” Polar Bears International, polarbearsinternational.org/news/article-polar-bears/polar-bear-questions-breathing-in-cold-air. Accessed 12 May 2021.
REPRODUCTION
Smith, Thomas G., and Jon Aars. “Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) Mating during Late June on the Pack Ice of Northern Svalbard, Norway.” Polar Research, vol. 34, no. 1, 2015. Crossref, doi:10.3402/polar.v34.25786.
Cha, Jeeyeon, et al. “Embryo Implantation.” Knobil and Neill’s Physiology of Reproduction, 2015, pp. 1697–739. Crossref, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397175-3.00038-7.
Derocher, Andrew E., et al. “Sexual Dimorphism and the Mating Ecology of Polar Bears (Ursus Maritimus) at Svalbard.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, vol. 64, no. 6, 2010, pp. 939–46. Crossref, doi:10.1007/s00265-010-0909-0.
National Wildlife Federation. “Polar Bear.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/Polar-Bear.
Polar Bears International. “Life Cycle.” Polar Bears International, polarbearsinternational.org/polar-bears/life-cycle. Accessed 1 Apr. 2021.
Seaworld Parks and Entertainment. “All About Polar Bears - Reproduction.” Seaworld.Org, seaworld.org/animals/all-about/polar-bear/reproduction/#:%7E:text=Competition%20for%20females%20is%20intense,be%20accompanied%20by%20several%20males. Accessed 1 May 2021.
Discovery Channel. “A Polar Bear Battle for Love.” YouTube, uploaded by Discovery, 18 July 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=YzUkiTblKbo&feature=youtu.be.